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Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
Les deux révisions précédentesRévision précédenteProchaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
900-codage:050_mime [le 13/02/2025 à 14:40] – supprimée - modification externe (Date inconnue) 127.0.0.1 | 900-codage:050_mime [le 16/02/2025 à 14:36] (Version actuelle) – ↷ Liens modifiés en raison d'un déplacement. prof | ||
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+ | ====== MIME ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== MIME. C'est quoi ? ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. Comme son nom l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ces extensions servent également sur le web, lorsque l'on utilise HTTP pour transporter autre chose que du texte (ce qui est souvent le cas). Voyez le chapitre « [[090_applicatifs: | ||
+ | |||
+ | MIME rassemble deux choses distinctes : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Une description normalisée d'un type de document (non texte pur). | ||
+ | * Le mode de codage employé pour le transporter. | ||
+ | |||
+ | L'IANA maintient une liste des [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== MIME et SMTP ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | C'est ici que MIME prend toute son importance. En effet, en plus de pouvoir définir des types de documents, il peut aussi définir des types d' | ||
+ | === Exemple === | ||
+ | Un exemple significatif. Il reprendra ce que nous avons eu l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Le message contient le texte : | ||
+ | |||
+ | juste un texte légèrement accentué... | ||
+ | suivi d'une image gif. | ||
+ | |||
+ | codé Quoted-Printable , suivi d'une image gif en pièce jointe. Voici le message tel qu'il est reçu : | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | Return-Path: | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | From: " | ||
+ | To: & | ||
+ | Subject: demo MIME | ||
+ | Date: Sat, 9 Nov 2002 11:29:09 +0100 | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | X-Priority: 3 | ||
+ | X-MSMail-Priority: | ||
+ | X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 | ||
+ | X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | charset=" | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | juste un texte l=E9g=E8rement accentu=E9... | ||
+ | suivi d'une image gif. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | name=" | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | Content-Disposition: | ||
+ | filename=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | type :flux d' | ||
+ | nom : moineau1.gif | ||
+ | | ||
+ | Suit maintenant le fichier binaire converti en base64 :</ | ||
+ | |||
+ | R0lGODlhcgH8APf/ | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | GZACDvqwAvWAOgEBADs= | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Comme prévu, ce message contient bien deux parties : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Du texte pur, codé en Quoted-Printable, | ||
+ | * une image gif, codée en Base64 | ||
+ | |||
+ | L' | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Autre exemple === | ||
+ | Plus moderne, avec Thunderbird, | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | Return-Path: | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Message-ID: & | ||
+ | Date: Sun, 05 Jul 2009 11:26:56 +0200 | ||
+ | From: Christian Caleca & | ||
+ | User-Agent: Thunderbird 2.0.0.22 (X11/ | ||
+ | MIME-Version: | ||
+ | To: Christian Caleca & | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | un accent dedans. | ||
+ | Le texte de l' | ||
+ | « Objet accentué »</ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is a multi-part message in MIME format. | ||
+ | --------------000609020506050905050804 | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Et texte utilisant des symboles « spéciaux » confiés à UTF-8 | ||
+ | - le copyright : © | ||
+ | - le « trade mark » : ™ | ||
+ | Le tout suivi d'une image gif | ||
+ | |||
+ | --------------000609020506050905050804 | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABkAAAAZCAYAAADE6YVjAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlw | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | DH5ZAZkYjPyIry4bVPWnSb2mgoyCKiTCKSnh3tA6xJgPQTdgA0OQ/ | ||
+ | UwXwkkTpkzA+Vq56JMY/ | ||
+ | --------------000609020506050905050804-- | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | Il y a ici plusieurs choses intéressantes à noter : | ||
+ | * l' | ||
+ | * le texte du message est annoncé comme étant codé en UTF-8, et il n'y a effectivement **aucun artifice** employé sur les caractères spéciaux, pas de « quoted-printable » ni de « bases64 » ici ; | ||
+ | * dans la partie « image », la directive MIME '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Note pour les e-mails === | ||
+ | |||
+ | Selon toute logique, le codage Base64 devrait pouvoir être universellement exploité dans la messagerie, puis qu'il permet à coup sûr de transporter correctement le message codé (sur 7 bits) et définit complètement la table de codage ASCII quelque soit l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Au final, nous pouvons observer tout un tas d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | La mode étant aux e-mails en html, nous pouvons trouver assez souvent | ||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | charset=" | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | charset=" | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | (inutile de préciser l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | charset=" | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | Iso-8859-1 est encodé en '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | Ici, c'est UTF-8 qui est utilisé, mais encodé également en '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | | ||
+ | Ici, c'est plus simple, de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Je n'ai pas d' | ||
+ | Content-Type: | ||
+ | Content-Transfer-Encoding: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Vous le voyez, arriver à lire correctement un message d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== MIME et HTTP ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Nous en avons déjà un exemple dans le chapitre [[090_applicatifs: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Voici juste un exemple, où HTTP va transporter un document MS Word. La manipulation est faite avec Internet Explorer 6 et Mozilla 1.1 sur une plateforme Windows disposant de MS Word. Un sniffeur regarde ce qu'il se passe au niveau HTTP. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Comme vous pouvez le constater, cet exemple est déjà ancien, mais bien que les outils soient désormais obsolètes, la démonstration reste valable. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Avec Internet Explorer 6 === | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | Frame 4 (387 on wire, 387 captured) | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.10, | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Hypertext Transfer Protocol | ||
+ | GET /odj.doc HTTP/ | ||
+ | Accept: image/gif, image/ | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Accept-Language: | ||
+ | Accept-Encoding: | ||
+ | User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; | ||
+ | Host: linux.maison.mrs\r\n | ||
+ | Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n | ||
+ | \r\n | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | Frame 6 (1514 on wire, 1514 captured) | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.253, | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Hypertext Transfer Protocol | ||
+ | HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n | ||
+ | Date: Sat, 09 Nov 2002 09:32:41 GMT\r\n | ||
+ | Server: Apache-AdvancedExtranetServer/ | ||
+ | auth_ldap/ | ||
+ | Last-Modified: | ||
+ | ETag: " | ||
+ | Accept-Ranges: | ||
+ | Content-Length: | ||
+ | Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100\r\n | ||
+ | Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | \r\n | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Data (1067 bytes) | ||
+ | 0000 d0 <span class=" | ||
+ | 0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3e 00 03 00 fe ff 09 00 | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | Une fois la réception terminée, Internet Explorer va afficher directement le document, en utilisant MS Word comme « plug-in ». | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Avec Mozilla 1.1 === | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | Frame 6 (534 on wire, 534 captured) | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.10, | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Hypertext Transfer Protocol | ||
+ | GET /odj.doc HTTP/ | ||
+ | Host: linux.maison.mrs\r\n | ||
+ | User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv: | ||
+ | Gecko/ | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | text/ | ||
+ | text/ | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | Mozilla ne connaît pas quant à lui les formats Microsoft. | ||
+ | Il accepte cependant tout type de document (*/*). | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | Accept-Language: | ||
+ | Accept-Encoding: | ||
+ | Accept-Charset: | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | Plus respectueux de HTTP, il indique les jeux de caractères qu'il préfère | ||
+ | iso-8859-1 (latin-1) d' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | Keep-Alive: 300\r\n | ||
+ | Connection: keep-alive\r\n | ||
+ | \r\n | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | Frame 8 (1514 on wire, 1514 captured) | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.253, | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Hypertext Transfer Protocol | ||
+ | HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n | ||
+ | Date: Sat, 09 Nov 2002 09:35:06 GMT\r\n | ||
+ | Server: Apache-AdvancedExtranetServer/ | ||
+ | auth_ldap/ | ||
+ | Last-Modified: | ||
+ | ETag: " | ||
+ | Accept-Ranges: | ||
+ | Content-Length: | ||
+ | Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100\r\n | ||
+ | Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n | ||
+ | <span class=" | ||
+ | \r\n | ||
+ | |||
+ | Data (1067 bytes) | ||
+ | 0000 d0 cf 11 e0 a1 b1 1a e1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ||
+ | 0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3e 00 03 00 fe ff 09 00 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Rien de changé de ce côté là. Mozilla, une fois le fichier reçu proposera de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Anecdotes diverses ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Il est souvent d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ainsi, sur une distribution GNU/Linux (ici Ubuntu 9.04, mais aussi Debian et sans doutes ses autres dérivées), | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | ############################################################################### | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | # MIME-TYPES and the extensions that represent them | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | # This file is part of the " | ||
+ | # bug report) to mime-support@packages.debian.org if you would like new types | ||
+ | # and/or extensions to be added. | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | # The reason that all types are managed by the mime-support package instead | ||
+ | # allowing individual packages to install types in much the same way as they | ||
+ | # add entries in to the mailcap file is so these types can be referenced by | ||
+ | # other programs (such as a web server) even if the specific support package | ||
+ | # for that type is not installed. | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | # Users can add their own types if they wish by creating a " | ||
+ | # file in their home directory. | ||
+ | # precedence over those listed here. | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | # Note: Compression schemes like " | ||
+ | # actually " | ||
+ | # entries in this file to map their extensions. | ||
+ | # encoded file refers to the type of data that has been encoded, not the | ||
+ | # type of encoding. | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | ############################################################################### | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | application/ | ||
+ | application/ | ||
+ | application/ | ||
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+ | |||
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+ | |||
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+ | inode/fifo | ||
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+ | |||
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+ | |||
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+ | |||
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+ | video/ | ||
+ | video/ | ||
+ | video/ | ||
+ | video/ | ||
+ | video/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | x-conference/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | x-epoc/ | ||
+ | x-world/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Conclusions ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce chapitre vous aura, je l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Comment le Net arrive tout de même plutôt bien à se sortir élégamment du piège permanent que présente le transport de données au niveau mondial, | ||
+ | * certains messages que vos navigateurs web peuvent vous envoyer lorsque vous visitez des sites étrangers, | ||
+ | * pourquoi certains mails que vous pouvez recevoir peuvent être illisibles, et, peut-être, comment y remédier, | ||
+ | * les précautions qu'il faut prendre pour avoir de bonnes chances d' | ||
MIME: Dernière modification le: 01/01/1970 à 00:00 par