====== MIME ======
===== MIME. C'est quoi ? =====
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. Comme son nom l'indique, c'est une suite d'extensions pour permettre, principalement aux e-mails, de transporter autre chose que du texte, à savoir, du son, des images, de la vidéo... Autant de choses pour lesquelles la messagerie n'est à priori pas faite.
Ces extensions servent également sur le web, lorsque l'on utilise HTTP pour transporter autre chose que du texte (ce qui est souvent le cas). Voyez le chapitre « [[210http:start]] » à ce propos.
MIME rassemble deux choses distinctes :
* Une description normalisée d'un type de document (non texte pur).
* Le mode de codage employé pour le transporter.
L'IANA maintient une liste des [[http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/|MIME Media Types]].
==== MIME et SMTP ====
C'est ici que MIME prend toute son importance. En effet, en plus de pouvoir définir des types de documents, il peut aussi définir des types d'encodages, comme Base64 ou Quoted-Printable.
=== Exemple ===
Un exemple significatif. Il reprendra ce que nous avons eu l'occasion de voir par ailleurs.
Le message contient le texte :
juste un texte légèrement accentué...
suivi d'une image gif.
codé Quoted-Printable , suivi d'une image gif en pièce jointe. Voici le message tel qu'il est reçu :
Return-Path: <christian.caleca@epikoi.net>
...
From: "Christian Caleca" <christian.caleca@epikoi.net>
To: <christian.caleca@epikoi.net>
Subject: demo MIME
Date: Sat, 9 Nov 2002 11:29:09 +0100
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
On est averti qu'il y aura plusieurs morceaux de type différents...
boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20"
Avec un séparateur bien défini, que l'on ne peut confondre avec un plan de fraises des bois.
X-Priority: 3
X-MSMail-Priority: Normal
X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106
X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
La partie texte, codée « quoted-printable »...
juste un texte l=E9g=E8rement accentu=E9...
suivi d'une image gif.
Voilà qui est fait. L'image, maintenant :
------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20
Content-Type: application/octet-stream;
name="moineau1.gif"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment;
filename="moineau1.gif"
Difficile d'être plus précis :
type :flux d'octets
nom : moineau1.gif
codage : Base64...
Suit maintenant le fichier binaire converti en base64 :
R0lGODlhcgH8APf/AP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z
...
...
...
GZACDvqwAvWAOgEBADs=
------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20--
Comme prévu, ce message contient bien deux parties :
* Du texte pur, codé en Quoted-Printable,
* une image gif, codée en Base64
L'image, dans Outlook Express, va apparaitre sous le texte, séparée par un filet horizontal.
=== Autre exemple ===
Plus moderne, avec Thunderbird, un message codé en UTF-8, avec en plus un **é** dans le sujet :
Return-Path: <christian.caleca@epikoi.net>
...
Message-ID: <4A5071E0.7080308@epikoi.net>
Date: Sun, 05 Jul 2009 11:26:56 +0200
From: Christian Caleca <christian.caleca@epikoi.net>
User-Agent: Thunderbird 2.0.0.22 (X11/20090608)
MIME-Version: 1.0
To: Christian Caleca <christian.caleca@epikoi.net>
Subject: Objet =?UTF-8?B?YWNjZW50dcOp?=
Observez la sale tête que prend ls "Subject:", juste parce qu'il y a
un accent dedans.
Le texte de l'objet étant tout simplement :
« Objet accentué »
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
boundary="------------000609020506050905050804"
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
--------------000609020506050905050804
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Et texte utilisant des symboles « spéciaux » confiés à UTF-8
- le copyright : ©
- le « trade mark » : ™
Le tout suivi d'une image gif
--------------000609020506050905050804
Content-Type: image/png;
name="logogrenouille.png"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline;
filename="logogrenouille.png"
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABkAAAAZCAYAAADE6YVjAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlw
...
DH5ZAZkYjPyIry4bVPWnSb2mgoyCKiTCKSnh3tA6xJgPQTdgA0OQ/Q5lmEEdplpVO6Y0Gn9A
UwXwkkTpkzA+Vq56JMY/wI7p7P8P7DhAtpxfH8cAAAAASUVORK5CYII=
--------------000609020506050905050804--
Il y a ici plusieurs choses intéressantes à noter :
* l'abominable pirouette utilisée à cause de l'unique lettre accentuée dans l'objet ;
* le texte du message est annoncé comme étant codé en UTF-8, et il n'y a effectivement **aucun artifice** employé sur les caractères spéciaux, pas de « quoted-printable » ni de « bases64 » ici ;
* dans la partie « image », la directive MIME ''Content-Disposition: inline;'' indique que l'image doit être affichée dans le corps du message (inline) et non comme une pièce jointe.
=== Note pour les e-mails ===
Selon toute logique, le codage Base64 devrait pouvoir être universellement exploité dans la messagerie, puis qu'il permet à coup sûr de transporter correctement le message codé (sur 7 bits) et définit complètement la table de codage ASCII quelque soit l'alphabet utilisé par l'auteur. Cependant ESMTP prévoit de transporter tout type d'encodage sur 8 bits. Associée à MIME, cette fonctionnalité permet, pour du texte, de ne plus avoir à utiliser de conversion 8 bits --> 7 bits. Encore faut-il que le destinataire dispose d'un MUA capable de gérer de tels messages.
Au final, nous pouvons observer tout un tas d'attitudes plus ou moins originales et plus ou moins logiques, dans la façon qu'ont les divers MUA de gérer les caractères non US-ASCII et les pièces jointes.
La mode étant aux e-mails en html, nous pouvons trouver assez souvent
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
(inutile de préciser l'origine du MUA responsable).
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Iso-8859-1 est encodé en ''quoted-printable''
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Ici, c'est UTF-8 qui est utilisé, mais encodé également en ''quoted-printable''...
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Ici, c'est plus simple, de l'iso-8859-1 sans encodage particulier
Je n'ai pas d'exemple sous la main, mais il est bien sûr tout à fait possible de faire :
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Vous le voyez, arriver à lire correctement un message d'apparence tout à fait anodine peut nécessiter de passer par d'énormes usines à gaz.
==== MIME et HTTP ====
Nous en avons déjà un exemple dans le chapitre [[210http:start]], pour transporter une image gif dans une page html. Mais dans ce cas, il n'y a pas de codage (type Base64 ou quoted-printable), les octets sont brutalement transportés par le protocole. MIME sert juste à définir le type de document.
Voici juste un exemple, où HTTP va transporter un document MS Word. La manipulation est faite avec Internet Explorer 6 et Mozilla 1.1 sur une plateforme Windows disposant de MS Word. Un sniffeur regarde ce qu'il se passe au niveau HTTP.
Comme vous pouvez le constater, cet exemple est déjà ancien, mais bien que les outils soient désormais obsolètes, la démonstration reste valable.
=== Avec Internet Explorer 6 ===
Frame 4 (387 on wire, 387 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.10, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.253
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
GET /odj.doc HTTP/1.1\r\n
Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg,
application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/vnd.ms-excel,
application/msword, */*\r\n
Nous le savons, IE6 accepte explicitement les fichiers au format MS Office si ce dernier est installé.
Accept-Language: fr\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0)\r\n
Host: linux.maison.mrs\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
\r\n
Frame 6 (1514 on wire, 1514 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.253, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.10
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n
Date: Sat, 09 Nov 2002 09:32:41 GMT\r\n
Server: Apache-AdvancedExtranetServer/1.3.26 (Mandrake Linux/6.1mdk)
auth_ldap/1.6.0 mod_ssl/2.8.10 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.2.3\r\n
Last-Modified: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 15:07:29 GMT\r\n
ETag: "57d5a-7800-3964a0b1"\r\n
Accept-Ranges: bytes\r\n
Content-Length: 30720\r\n
Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
Content-Type: application/msword\r\n
\r\n
Apache connait le type MIME msword et signale le type de contenu, puis, commence à envoyer les données.
Data (1067 bytes)
0000 d0 cf 11 e0 a1 b1 1a e1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3e 00 03 00 fe ff 09 00 ........>.......
...
Les octets surlignés montrent à l'évidence que HTTP transporte sur 8 bits
Une fois la réception terminée, Internet Explorer va afficher directement le document, en utilisant MS Word comme « plug-in ».
=== Avec Mozilla 1.1 ===
Frame 6 (534 on wire, 534 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.10, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.253
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
GET /odj.doc HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: linux.maison.mrs\r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.1)
Gecko/20020826\r\n
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,
text/plain;q=0.8,video/x-mng,image/png,image/jpeg,image/gif;q=0.2,
text/css,*/*;q=0.1\r\n
Mozilla ne connaît pas quant à lui les formats Microsoft.
Il accepte cependant tout type de document (*/*).
Accept-Language: fr-fr, en-us;q=0.66, en;q=0.33\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress;q=0.9\r\n
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1, utf-8;q=0.66, *;q=0.66\r\n
Plus respectueux de HTTP, il indique les jeux de caractères qu'il préfère
iso-8859-1 (latin-1) d'abord, utf-8 (unicode) ensuite, * (n'importe quoi) enfin.
Keep-Alive: 300\r\n
Connection: keep-alive\r\n
\r\n
Frame 8 (1514 on wire, 1514 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.253, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.10
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n
Date: Sat, 09 Nov 2002 09:35:06 GMT\r\n
Server: Apache-AdvancedExtranetServer/1.3.26 (Mandrake Linux/6.1mdk)
auth_ldap/1.6.0 mod_ssl/2.8.10 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.2.3\r\n
Last-Modified: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 15:07:29 GMT\r\n
ETag: "57d5a-7800-3964a0b1"\r\n
Accept-Ranges: bytes\r\n
Content-Length: 30720\r\n
Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
Content-Type: application/msword\r\n
\r\n
Data (1067 bytes)
0000 d0 cf 11 e0 a1 b1 1a e1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3e 00 03 00 fe ff 09 00 ........>.......
Rien de changé de ce côté là. Mozilla, une fois le fichier reçu proposera de l'enregistrer ou de l'afficher en démarrant MS Word, comme une application séparée.
==== Anecdotes diverses ====
Il est souvent d'usage d'attribuer un suffixe correspondant à un type de fichier donné. Les images au format jpeg sont par exemple suffixées par ''.jpg ou encore ''.jpeg'' ou ''.jpe''. Il peut être intéressant de déduite le type MIME du suffixe d'un fichier.
Ainsi, sur une distribution GNU/Linux (ici Ubuntu 9.04, mais aussi Debian et sans doutes ses autres dérivées), il existe un fichier ''/etc/mime.types'' créé dans ce but. En voici le contenu :
###############################################################################
#
# MIME-TYPES and the extensions that represent them
#
# This file is part of the "mime-support" package. Please send email (not a
# bug report) to mime-support@packages.debian.org if you would like new types
# and/or extensions to be added.
#
# The reason that all types are managed by the mime-support package instead
# allowing individual packages to install types in much the same way as they
# add entries in to the mailcap file is so these types can be referenced by
# other programs (such as a web server) even if the specific support package
# for that type is not installed.
#
# Users can add their own types if they wish by creating a ".mime.types"
# file in their home directory. Definitions included there will take
# precedence over those listed here.
#
# Note: Compression schemes like "gzip", "bzip", and "compress" are not
# actually "mime-types". They are "encodings" and hence must _not_ have
# entries in this file to map their extensions. The "mime-type" of an
# encoded file refers to the type of data that has been encoded, not the
# type of encoding.
#
###############################################################################
application/activemessage
application/andrew-inset ez
application/annodex anx
application/applefile
application/atom+xml atom
application/atomcat+xml atomcat
application/atomserv+xml atomsrv
application/atomicmail
application/batch-SMTP
application/beep+xml
application/bbolin lin
application/cals-1840
application/cap cap pcap
application/commonground
application/cu-seeme cu
application/cybercash
application/davmount+xml davmount
application/dca-rft
application/dec-dx
application/docbook+xml
application/dsptype tsp
application/dvcs
application/ecmascript es
application/edi-consent
application/edi-x12
application/edifact
application/eshop
application/font-tdpfr
application/futuresplash spl
application/ghostview
application/hta hta
application/http
application/hyperstudio
application/iges
application/index
application/index.cmd
application/index.obj
application/index.response
application/index.vnd
application/iotp
application/ipp
application/isup
application/java-archive jar
application/java-serialized-object ser
application/java-vm class
application/javascript js
application/m3g m3g
application/mac-binhex40 hqx
application/mac-compactpro cpt
application/macwriteii
application/marc
application/mathematica nb nbp
application/ms-tnef
application/msaccess mdb
application/msword doc dot
application/news-message-id
application/news-transmission
application/ocsp-request
application/ocsp-response
application/octet-stream bin
application/oda oda
application/ogg ogx
application/parityfec
application/pdf pdf
application/pgp-encrypted
application/pgp-keys key
application/pgp-signature pgp
application/pics-rules prf
application/pkcs10
application/pkcs7-mime
application/pkcs7-signature
application/pkix-cert
application/pkix-crl
application/pkixcmp
application/postscript ps ai eps espi epsf eps2 eps3
application/prs.alvestrand.titrax-sheet
application/prs.cww
application/prs.nprend
application/qsig
application/rar rar
application/rdf+xml rdf
application/remote-printing
application/riscos
application/rss+xml rss
application/rtf rtf
application/sdp
application/set-payment
application/set-payment-initiation
application/set-registration
application/set-registration-initiation
application/sgml
application/sgml-open-catalog
application/sieve
application/slate
application/smil smi smil
application/timestamp-query
application/timestamp-reply
application/vemmi
application/whoispp-query
application/whoispp-response
application/wita
application/x400-bp
application/xhtml+xml xhtml xht
application/xml xml xsl xsd
application/xml-dtd
application/xml-external-parsed-entity
application/xspf+xml xspf
application/zip zip
application/vnd.3M.Post-it-Notes
application/vnd.accpac.simply.aso
application/vnd.accpac.simply.imp
application/vnd.acucobol
application/vnd.aether.imp
application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation
application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation
application/vnd.audiograph
application/vnd.bmi
application/vnd.businessobjects
application/vnd.canon-cpdl
application/vnd.canon-lips
application/vnd.cinderella cdy
application/vnd.claymore
application/vnd.commerce-battelle
application/vnd.commonspace
application/vnd.comsocaller
application/vnd.contact.cmsg
application/vnd.cosmocaller
application/vnd.ctc-posml
application/vnd.cups-postscript
application/vnd.cups-raster
application/vnd.cups-raw
application/vnd.cybank
application/vnd.dna
application/vnd.dpgraph
application/vnd.dxr
application/vnd.ecdis-update
application/vnd.ecowin.chart
application/vnd.ecowin.filerequest
application/vnd.ecowin.fileupdate
application/vnd.ecowin.series
application/vnd.ecowin.seriesrequest
application/vnd.ecowin.seriesupdate
application/vnd.enliven
application/vnd.epson.esf
application/vnd.epson.msf
application/vnd.epson.quickanime
application/vnd.epson.salt
application/vnd.epson.ssf
application/vnd.ericsson.quickcall
application/vnd.eudora.data
application/vnd.fdf
application/vnd.ffsns
application/vnd.flographit
application/vnd.framemaker
application/vnd.fsc.weblaunch
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs
application/vnd.fujixerox.ddd
application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks
application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder
application/vnd.fut-misnet
application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml kml
application/vnd.google-earth.kmz kmz
application/vnd.grafeq
application/vnd.groove-account
application/vnd.groove-identity-message
application/vnd.groove-injector
application/vnd.groove-tool-message
application/vnd.groove-tool-template
application/vnd.groove-vcard
application/vnd.hhe.lesson-player
application/vnd.hp-HPGL
application/vnd.hp-PCL
application/vnd.hp-PCLXL
application/vnd.hp-hpid
application/vnd.hp-hps
application/vnd.httphone
application/vnd.hzn-3d-crossword
application/vnd.ibm.MiniPay
application/vnd.ibm.afplinedata
application/vnd.ibm.modcap
application/vnd.informix-visionary
application/vnd.intercon.formnet
application/vnd.intertrust.digibox
application/vnd.intertrust.nncp
application/vnd.intu.qbo
application/vnd.intu.qfx
application/vnd.irepository.package+xml
application/vnd.is-xpr
application/vnd.japannet-directory-service
application/vnd.japannet-jpnstore-wakeup
application/vnd.japannet-payment-wakeup
application/vnd.japannet-registration
application/vnd.japannet-registration-wakeup
application/vnd.japannet-setstore-wakeup
application/vnd.japannet-verification
application/vnd.japannet-verification-wakeup
application/vnd.koan
application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3
application/vnd.lotus-approach
application/vnd.lotus-freelance
application/vnd.lotus-notes
application/vnd.lotus-organizer
application/vnd.lotus-screencam
application/vnd.lotus-wordpro
application/vnd.mcd
application/vnd.mediastation.cdkey
application/vnd.meridian-slingshot
application/vnd.mif
application/vnd.minisoft-hp3000-save
application/vnd.mitsubishi.misty-guard.trustweb
application/vnd.mobius.daf
application/vnd.mobius.dis
application/vnd.mobius.msl
application/vnd.mobius.plc
application/vnd.mobius.txf
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.adsi
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.fis
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.gotap
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.kmr
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.ttc
application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.wem
application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml xul
application/vnd.ms-artgalry
application/vnd.ms-asf
application/vnd.ms-excel xls xlb xlt
application/vnd.ms-lrm
application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat cat
application/vnd.ms-pki.stl stl
application/vnd.ms-powerpoint ppt pps
application/vnd.ms-project
application/vnd.ms-tnef
application/vnd.ms-works
application/vnd.mseq
application/vnd.msign
application/vnd.music-niff
application/vnd.musician
application/vnd.netfpx
application/vnd.noblenet-directory
application/vnd.noblenet-sealer
application/vnd.noblenet-web
application/vnd.novadigm.EDM
application/vnd.novadigm.EDX
application/vnd.novadigm.EXT
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart odc
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database odb
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula odf
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics odg
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template otg
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image odi
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation odp
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template otp
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet ods
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template ots
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text odt
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master odm
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template ott
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web oth
application/vnd.osa.netdeploy
application/vnd.palm
application/vnd.pg.format
application/vnd.pg.osasli
application/vnd.powerbuilder6
application/vnd.powerbuilder6-s
application/vnd.powerbuilder7
application/vnd.powerbuilder7-s
application/vnd.powerbuilder75
application/vnd.powerbuilder75-s
application/vnd.previewsystems.box
application/vnd.publishare-delta-tree
application/vnd.pvi.ptid1
application/vnd.pwg-xhtml-print+xml
application/vnd.rapid
application/vnd.rim.cod cod
application/vnd.s3sms
application/vnd.seemail
application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata
application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate
application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange
application/vnd.shana.informed.package
application/vnd.smaf mmf
application/vnd.sss-cod
application/vnd.sss-dtf
application/vnd.sss-ntf
application/vnd.stardivision.calc sdc
application/vnd.stardivision.chart sds
application/vnd.stardivision.draw sda
application/vnd.stardivision.impress sdd
application/vnd.stardivision.math sdf
application/vnd.stardivision.writer sdw
application/vnd.stardivision.writer-global sgl
application/vnd.street-stream
application/vnd.sun.xml.calc sxc
application/vnd.sun.xml.calc.template stc
application/vnd.sun.xml.draw sxd
application/vnd.sun.xml.draw.template std
application/vnd.sun.xml.impress sxi
application/vnd.sun.xml.impress.template sti
application/vnd.sun.xml.math sxm
application/vnd.sun.xml.writer sxw
application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global sxg
application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.template stw
application/vnd.svd
application/vnd.swiftview-ics
application/vnd.symbian.install sis
application/vnd.triscape.mxs
application/vnd.trueapp
application/vnd.truedoc
application/vnd.tve-trigger
application/vnd.ufdl
application/vnd.uplanet.alert
application/vnd.uplanet.alert-wbxml
application/vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice
application/vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice-wbxml
application/vnd.uplanet.cacheop
application/vnd.uplanet.cacheop-wbxml
application/vnd.uplanet.channel
application/vnd.uplanet.channel-wbxml
application/vnd.uplanet.list
application/vnd.uplanet.list-wbxml
application/vnd.uplanet.listcmd
application/vnd.uplanet.listcmd-wbxml
application/vnd.uplanet.signal
application/vnd.vcx
application/vnd.vectorworks
application/vnd.vidsoft.vidconference
application/vnd.visio vsd
application/vnd.vividence.scriptfile
application/vnd.wap.sic
application/vnd.wap.slc
application/vnd.wap.wbxml wbxml
application/vnd.wap.wmlc wmlc
application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc wmlsc
application/vnd.webturbo
application/vnd.wordperfect wpd
application/vnd.wordperfect5.1 wp5
application/vnd.wrq-hp3000-labelled
application/vnd.wt.stf
application/vnd.xara
application/vnd.xfdl
application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu
application/x-123 wk
application/x-7z-compressed 7z
application/x-abiword abw
application/x-apple-diskimage dmg
application/x-bcpio bcpio
application/x-bittorrent torrent
application/x-cab cab
application/x-cbr cbr
application/x-cbz cbz
application/x-cdf cdf cda
application/x-cdlink vcd
application/x-chess-pgn pgn
application/x-core
application/x-cpio cpio
application/x-csh csh
application/x-debian-package deb udeb
application/x-director dcr dir dxr
application/x-dms dms
application/x-doom wad
application/x-dvi dvi
application/x-httpd-eruby rhtml
application/x-executable
application/x-font pfa pfb gsf pcf pcf.Z
application/x-freemind mm
application/x-futuresplash spl
application/x-gnumeric gnumeric
application/x-go-sgf sgf
application/x-graphing-calculator gcf
application/x-gtar gtar tgz taz
application/x-hdf hdf
application/x-httpd-php phtml pht php
application/x-httpd-php-source phps
application/x-httpd-php3 php3
application/x-httpd-php3-preprocessed php3p
application/x-httpd-php4 php4
application/x-ica ica
application/x-info info
application/x-internet-signup ins isp
application/x-iphone iii
application/x-iso9660-image iso
application/x-jam jam
application/x-java-applet
application/x-java-bean
application/x-java-jnlp-file jnlp
application/x-jmol jmz
application/x-kchart chrt
application/x-kdelnk
application/x-killustrator kil
application/x-koan skp skd skt skm
application/x-kpresenter kpr kpt
application/x-kspread ksp
application/x-kword kwd kwt
application/x-latex latex
application/x-lha lha
application/x-lyx lyx
application/x-lzh lzh
application/x-lzx lzx
application/x-maker frm maker frame fm fb book fbdoc
application/x-mif mif
application/x-ms-wmd wmd
application/x-ms-wmz wmz
application/x-msdos-program com exe bat dll
application/x-msi msi
application/x-netcdf nc
application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig pac dat
application/x-nwc nwc
application/x-object o
application/x-oz-application oza
application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp p7r
application/x-pkcs7-crl crl
application/x-python-code pyc pyo
application/x-qgis qgs shp shx
application/x-quicktimeplayer qtl
application/x-redhat-package-manager rpm
application/x-ruby rb
application/x-rx
application/x-sh sh
application/x-shar shar
application/x-shellscript
application/x-shockwave-flash swf swfl
application/x-stuffit sit sitx
application/x-sv4cpio sv4cpio
application/x-sv4crc sv4crc
application/x-tar tar
application/x-tcl tcl
application/x-tex-gf gf
application/x-tex-pk pk
application/x-texinfo texinfo texi
application/x-trash ~ % bak old sik
application/x-troff t tr roff
application/x-troff-man man
application/x-troff-me me
application/x-troff-ms ms
application/x-ustar ustar
application/x-videolan
application/x-wais-source src
application/x-wingz wz
application/x-x509-ca-cert crt
application/x-xcf xcf
application/x-xfig fig
application/x-xpinstall xpi
audio/32kadpcm
audio/3gpp
audio/amr amr
audio/amr-wb awb
audio/amr amr
audio/amr-wb awb
audio/annodex axa
audio/basic au snd
audio/flac flac
audio/g.722.1
audio/l16
audio/midi mid midi kar
audio/mp4a-latm
audio/mpa-robust
audio/mpeg mpga mpega mp2 mp3 m4a
audio/mpegurl m3u
audio/ogg oga ogg spx
audio/parityfec
audio/prs.sid sid
audio/telephone-event
audio/tone
audio/vnd.cisco.nse
audio/vnd.cns.anp1
audio/vnd.cns.inf1
audio/vnd.digital-winds
audio/vnd.everad.plj
audio/vnd.lucent.voice
audio/vnd.nortel.vbk
audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp4800
audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp7470
audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp9600
audio/vnd.octel.sbc
audio/vnd.qcelp
audio/vnd.rhetorex.32kadpcm
audio/vnd.vmx.cvsd
audio/x-aiff aif aiff aifc
audio/x-gsm gsm
audio/x-mpegurl m3u
audio/x-ms-wma wma
audio/x-ms-wax wax
audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin
audio/x-pn-realaudio ra rm ram
audio/x-realaudio ra
audio/x-scpls pls
audio/x-sd2 sd2
audio/x-wav wav
chemical/x-alchemy alc
chemical/x-cache cac cache
chemical/x-cache-csf csf
chemical/x-cactvs-binary cbin cascii ctab
chemical/x-cdx cdx
chemical/x-cerius cer
chemical/x-chem3d c3d
chemical/x-chemdraw chm
chemical/x-cif cif
chemical/x-cmdf cmdf
chemical/x-cml cml
chemical/x-compass cpa
chemical/x-crossfire bsd
chemical/x-csml csml csm
chemical/x-ctx ctx
chemical/x-cxf cxf cef
#chemical/x-daylight-smiles smi
chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide emb embl
chemical/x-galactic-spc spc
chemical/x-gamess-input inp gam gamin
chemical/x-gaussian-checkpoint fch fchk
chemical/x-gaussian-cube cub
chemical/x-gaussian-input gau gjc gjf
chemical/x-gaussian-log gal
chemical/x-gcg8-sequence gcg
chemical/x-genbank gen
chemical/x-hin hin
chemical/x-isostar istr ist
chemical/x-jcamp-dx jdx dx
chemical/x-kinemage kin
chemical/x-macmolecule mcm
chemical/x-macromodel-input mmd mmod
chemical/x-mdl-molfile mol
chemical/x-mdl-rdfile rd
chemical/x-mdl-rxnfile rxn
chemical/x-mdl-sdfile sd sdf
chemical/x-mdl-tgf tgf
#chemical/x-mif mif
chemical/x-mmcif mcif
chemical/x-mol2 mol2
chemical/x-molconn-Z b
chemical/x-mopac-graph gpt
chemical/x-mopac-input mop mopcrt mpc zmt
chemical/x-mopac-out moo
chemical/x-mopac-vib mvb
chemical/x-ncbi-asn1 asn
chemical/x-ncbi-asn1-ascii prt ent
chemical/x-ncbi-asn1-binary val aso
chemical/x-ncbi-asn1-spec asn
chemical/x-pdb pdb ent
chemical/x-rosdal ros
chemical/x-swissprot sw
chemical/x-vamas-iso14976 vms
chemical/x-vmd vmd
chemical/x-xtel xtel
chemical/x-xyz xyz
image/cgm
image/g3fax
image/gif gif
image/ief ief
image/jpeg jpeg jpg jpe
image/naplps
image/pcx pcx
image/png png
image/prs.btif
image/prs.pti
image/svg+xml svg svgz
image/tiff tiff tif
image/vnd.cns.inf2
image/vnd.djvu djvu djv
image/vnd.dwg
image/vnd.dxf
image/vnd.fastbidsheet
image/vnd.fpx
image/vnd.fst
image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr
image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc
image/vnd.mix
image/vnd.net-fpx
image/vnd.svf
image/vnd.wap.wbmp wbmp
image/vnd.xiff
image/x-cmu-raster ras
image/x-coreldraw cdr
image/x-coreldrawpattern pat
image/x-coreldrawtemplate cdt
image/x-corelphotopaint cpt
image/x-icon ico
image/x-jg art
image/x-jng jng
image/x-ms-bmp bmp
image/x-photoshop psd
image/x-portable-anymap pnm
image/x-portable-bitmap pbm
image/x-portable-graymap pgm
image/x-portable-pixmap ppm
image/x-rgb rgb
image/x-xbitmap xbm
image/x-xpixmap xpm
image/x-xwindowdump xwd
inode/chardevice
inode/blockdevice
inode/directory-locked
inode/directory
inode/fifo
inode/socket
message/delivery-status
message/disposition-notification
message/external-body
message/http
message/s-http
message/news
message/partial
message/rfc822 eml
model/iges igs iges
model/mesh msh mesh silo
model/vnd.dwf
model/vnd.flatland.3dml
model/vnd.gdl
model/vnd.gs-gdl
model/vnd.gtw
model/vnd.mts
model/vnd.vtu
model/vrml wrl vrml
multipart/alternative
multipart/appledouble
multipart/byteranges
multipart/digest
multipart/encrypted
multipart/form-data
multipart/header-set
multipart/mixed
multipart/parallel
multipart/related
multipart/report
multipart/signed
multipart/voice-message
text/calendar ics icz
text/css css
text/csv csv
text/directory
text/english
text/enriched
text/h323 323
text/html html htm shtml
text/iuls uls
text/mathml mml
text/parityfec
text/plain asc txt text pot brf
text/prs.lines.tag
text/rfc822-headers
text/richtext rtx
text/rtf
text/scriptlet sct wsc
text/t140
text/texmacs tm ts
text/tab-separated-values tsv
text/uri-list
text/vnd.abc
text/vnd.curl
text/vnd.DMClientScript
text/vnd.flatland.3dml
text/vnd.fly
text/vnd.fmi.flexstor
text/vnd.in3d.3dml
text/vnd.in3d.spot
text/vnd.IPTC.NewsML
text/vnd.IPTC.NITF
text/vnd.latex-z
text/vnd.motorola.reflex
text/vnd.ms-mediapackage
text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor jad
text/vnd.wap.si
text/vnd.wap.sl
text/vnd.wap.wml wml
text/vnd.wap.wmlscript wmls
text/x-bibtex bib
text/x-boo boo
text/x-c++hdr h++ hpp hxx hh
text/x-c++src c++ cpp cxx cc
text/x-chdr h
text/x-component htc
text/x-crontab
text/x-csh csh
text/x-csrc c
text/x-dsrc d
text/x-diff diff patch
text/x-haskell hs
text/x-java java
text/x-literate-haskell lhs
text/x-makefile
text/x-moc moc
text/x-pascal p pas
text/x-pcs-gcd gcd
text/x-perl pl pm
text/x-python py
text/x-scala scala
text/x-server-parsed-html
text/x-setext etx
text/x-sh sh
text/x-tcl tcl tk
text/x-tex tex ltx sty cls
text/x-vcalendar vcs
text/x-vcard vcf
video/3gpp 3gp
video/annodex axv
video/dl dl
video/dv dif dv
video/fli fli
video/gl gl
video/mpeg mpeg mpg mpe
video/mp4 mp4
video/quicktime qt mov
video/mp4v-es
video/ogg ogv
video/parityfec
video/pointer
video/vnd.fvt
video/vnd.motorola.video
video/vnd.motorola.videop
video/vnd.mpegurl mxu
video/vnd.mts
video/vnd.nokia.interleaved-multimedia
video/vnd.vivo
video/x-flv flv
video/x-la-asf lsf lsx
video/x-mng mng
video/x-ms-asf asf asx
video/x-ms-wm wm
video/x-ms-wmv wmv
video/x-ms-wmx wmx
video/x-ms-wvx wvx
video/x-msvideo avi
video/x-sgi-movie movie
video/x-matroska mpv
x-conference/x-cooltalk ice
x-epoc/x-sisx-app sisx
x-world/x-vrml vrm vrml wrl
===== Conclusions =====
Ce chapitre vous aura, je l'espère, aidé à mieux comprendre :
* Comment le Net arrive tout de même plutôt bien à se sortir élégamment du piège permanent que présente le transport de données au niveau mondial,
* certains messages que vos navigateurs web peuvent vous envoyer lorsque vous visitez des sites étrangers,
* pourquoi certains mails que vous pouvez recevoir peuvent être illisibles, et, peut-être, comment y remédier,
* les précautions qu'il faut prendre pour avoir de bonnes chances d'envoyer des e-mails lisibles par le plus grand nombre...