Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. Comme son nom l'indique, c'est une suite d'extensions pour permettre, principalement aux e-mails, de transporter autre chose que du texte, à savoir, du son, des images, de la vidéo… Autant de choses pour lesquelles la messagerie n'est à priori pas faite.
Ces extensions servent également sur le web, lorsque l'on utilise HTTP pour transporter autre chose que du texte (ce qui est souvent le cas). Voyez le chapitre « HTTP » à ce propos.
MIME rassemble deux choses distinctes :
L'IANA maintient une liste des MIME Media Types.
C'est ici que MIME prend toute son importance. En effet, en plus de pouvoir définir des types de documents, il peut aussi définir des types d'encodages, comme Base64 ou Quoted-Printable.
Un exemple significatif. Il reprendra ce que nous avons eu l'occasion de voir par ailleurs.
Le message contient le texte :
juste un texte légèrement accentué... suivi d'une image gif.
codé Quoted-Printable , suivi d'une image gif en pièce jointe. Voici le message tel qu'il est reçu :
Return-Path: <christian.caleca@epikoi.net> ... From: "Christian Caleca" <christian.caleca@epikoi.net> To: <christian.caleca@epikoi.net> Subject: demo MIME Date: Sat, 9 Nov 2002 11:29:09 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; On est averti qu'il y aura plusieurs morceaux de type différents... boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20" Avec un séparateur bien défini, que l'on ne peut confondre avec un plan de fraises des bois. X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable La partie texte, codée « quoted-printable »... juste un texte l=E9g=E8rement accentu=E9... suivi d'une image gif. Voilà qui est fait. L'image, maintenant : ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20 Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name="moineau1.gif" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="moineau1.gif" Difficile d'être plus précis : type :flux d'octets nom : moineau1.gif codage : Base64... Suit maintenant le fichier binaire converti en base64 : R0lGODlhcgH8APf/AP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z ... ... ... GZACDvqwAvWAOgEBADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C287E3.38B13A20--
Comme prévu, ce message contient bien deux parties :
L'image, dans Outlook Express, va apparaitre sous le texte, séparée par un filet horizontal.
Plus moderne, avec Thunderbird, un message codé en UTF-8, avec en plus un é dans le sujet :
Return-Path: <christian.caleca@epikoi.net> ... Message-ID: <4A5071E0.7080308@epikoi.net> Date: Sun, 05 Jul 2009 11:26:56 +0200 From: Christian Caleca <christian.caleca@epikoi.net> User-Agent: Thunderbird 2.0.0.22 (X11/20090608) MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Christian Caleca <christian.caleca@epikoi.net> Subject: Objet =?UTF-8?B?YWNjZW50dcOp?= Observez la sale tête que prend ls "Subject:", juste parce qu'il y a un accent dedans. Le texte de l'objet étant tout simplement : « Objet accentué » Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------000609020506050905050804" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------000609020506050905050804 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Et texte utilisant des symboles « spéciaux » confiés à UTF-8 - le copyright : © - le « trade mark » : ™ Le tout suivi d'une image gif --------------000609020506050905050804 Content-Type: image/png; name="logogrenouille.png" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: inline; filename="logogrenouille.png" iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABkAAAAZCAYAAADE6YVjAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlw ... DH5ZAZkYjPyIry4bVPWnSb2mgoyCKiTCKSnh3tA6xJgPQTdgA0OQ/Q5lmEEdplpVO6Y0Gn9A UwXwkkTpkzA+Vq56JMY/wI7p7P8P7DhAtpxfH8cAAAAASUVORK5CYII= --------------000609020506050905050804--Il y a ici plusieurs choses intéressantes à noter :
Content-Disposition: inline; indique que l'image doit être affichée dans le corps du message (inline) et non comme une pièce jointe.Selon toute logique, le codage Base64 devrait pouvoir être universellement exploité dans la messagerie, puis qu'il permet à coup sûr de transporter correctement le message codé (sur 7 bits) et définit complètement la table de codage ASCII quelque soit l'alphabet utilisé par l'auteur. Cependant ESMTP prévoit de transporter tout type d'encodage sur 8 bits. Associée à MIME, cette fonctionnalité permet, pour du texte, de ne plus avoir à utiliser de conversion 8 bits –> 7 bits. Encore faut-il que le destinataire dispose d'un MUA capable de gérer de tels messages.
Au final, nous pouvons observer tout un tas d'attitudes plus ou moins originales et plus ou moins logiques, dans la façon qu'ont les divers MUA de gérer les caractères non US-ASCII et les pièces jointes.
La mode étant aux e-mails en html, nous pouvons trouver assez souvent
Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
(inutile de préciser l'origine du MUA responsable).
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Iso-8859-1 est encodé en quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Ici, c'est UTF-8 qui est utilisé, mais encodé également en quoted-printable…
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Ici, c'est plus simple, de l'iso-8859-1 sans encodage particulier
Je n'ai pas d'exemple sous la main, mais il est bien sûr tout à fait possible de faire :
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Vous le voyez, arriver à lire correctement un message d'apparence tout à fait anodine peut nécessiter de passer par d'énormes usines à gaz.
Nous en avons déjà un exemple dans le chapitre HTTP, pour transporter une image gif dans une page html. Mais dans ce cas, il n'y a pas de codage (type Base64 ou quoted-printable), les octets sont brutalement transportés par le protocole. MIME sert juste à définir le type de document.
Voici juste un exemple, où HTTP va transporter un document MS Word. La manipulation est faite avec Internet Explorer 6 et Mozilla 1.1 sur une plateforme Windows disposant de MS Word. Un sniffeur regarde ce qu'il se passe au niveau HTTP.
Comme vous pouvez le constater, cet exemple est déjà ancien, mais bien que les outils soient désormais obsolètes, la démonstration reste valable.
Frame 4 (387 on wire, 387 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.10, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.253
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
GET /odj.doc HTTP/1.1\r\n
Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg,
application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/vnd.ms-excel,
application/msword, */*\r\n
Nous le savons, IE6 accepte explicitement les fichiers au format MS Office si ce dernier est installé.
Accept-Language: fr\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0)\r\n
Host: linux.maison.mrs\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
\r\n
Frame 6 (1514 on wire, 1514 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.253, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.10
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n
Date: Sat, 09 Nov 2002 09:32:41 GMT\r\n
Server: Apache-AdvancedExtranetServer/1.3.26 (Mandrake Linux/6.1mdk)
auth_ldap/1.6.0 mod_ssl/2.8.10 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.2.3\r\n
Last-Modified: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 15:07:29 GMT\r\n
ETag: "57d5a-7800-3964a0b1"\r\n
Accept-Ranges: bytes\r\n
Content-Length: 30720\r\n
Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
Content-Type: application/msword\r\n
\r\n
Apache connait le type MIME msword et signale le type de contenu, puis, commence à envoyer les données.
Data (1067 bytes)
0000 d0 cf 11 e0 a1 b1 1a e1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3e 00 03 00 fe ff 09 00 ........>.......
...
Les octets surlignés montrent à l'évidence que HTTP transporte sur 8 bits
Une fois la réception terminée, Internet Explorer va afficher directement le document, en utilisant MS Word comme « plug-in ».
Frame 6 (534 on wire, 534 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.10, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.253
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
GET /odj.doc HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: linux.maison.mrs\r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.1)
Gecko/20020826\r\n
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,
text/plain;q=0.8,video/x-mng,image/png,image/jpeg,image/gif;q=0.2,
text/css,*/*;q=0.1\r\n
Mozilla ne connaît pas quant à lui les formats Microsoft.
Il accepte cependant tout type de document (*/*).
Accept-Language: fr-fr, en-us;q=0.66, en;q=0.33\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress;q=0.9\r\n
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1, utf-8;q=0.66, *;q=0.66\r\n
Plus respectueux de HTTP, il indique les jeux de caractères qu'il préfère
iso-8859-1 (latin-1) d'abord, utf-8 (unicode) ensuite, * (n'importe quoi) enfin.
Keep-Alive: 300\r\n
Connection: keep-alive\r\n
\r\n
Frame 8 (1514 on wire, 1514 captured)
...
Internet Protocol, Src Addr: 192.168.0.253, Dst Addr: 192.168.0.10
...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n
Date: Sat, 09 Nov 2002 09:35:06 GMT\r\n
Server: Apache-AdvancedExtranetServer/1.3.26 (Mandrake Linux/6.1mdk)
auth_ldap/1.6.0 mod_ssl/2.8.10 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.2.3\r\n
Last-Modified: Thu, 06 Jul 2000 15:07:29 GMT\r\n
ETag: "57d5a-7800-3964a0b1"\r\n
Accept-Ranges: bytes\r\n
Content-Length: 30720\r\n
Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
Content-Type: application/msword\r\n
\r\n
Data (1067 bytes)
0000 d0 cf 11 e0 a1 b1 1a e1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3e 00 03 00 fe ff 09 00 ........>.......
Rien de changé de ce côté là. Mozilla, une fois le fichier reçu proposera de l'enregistrer ou de l'afficher en démarrant MS Word, comme une application séparée.
Il est souvent d'usage d'attribuer un suffixe correspondant à un type de fichier donné. Les images au format jpeg sont par exemple suffixées par .jpg ou encore .jpeg ou .jpe. Il peut être intéressant de déduite le type MIME du suffixe d'un fichier.
Ainsi, sur une distribution GNU/Linux (ici Ubuntu 9.04, mais aussi Debian et sans doutes ses autres dérivées), il existe un fichier /etc/mime.types'' créé dans ce but. En voici le contenu :
############################################################################### # # MIME-TYPES and the extensions that represent them # # This file is part of the "mime-support" package. Please send email (not a # bug report) to mime-support@packages.debian.org if you would like new types # and/or extensions to be added. # # The reason that all types are managed by the mime-support package instead # allowing individual packages to install types in much the same way as they # add entries in to the mailcap file is so these types can be referenced by # other programs (such as a web server) even if the specific support package # for that type is not installed. # # Users can add their own types if they wish by creating a ".mime.types" # file in their home directory. Definitions included there will take # precedence over those listed here. # # Note: Compression schemes like "gzip", "bzip", and "compress" are not # actually "mime-types". They are "encodings" and hence must _not_ have # entries in this file to map their extensions. The "mime-type" of an # encoded file refers to the type of data that has been encoded, not the # type of encoding. # ############################################################################### application/activemessage application/andrew-inset ez application/annodex anx application/applefile application/atom+xml atom application/atomcat+xml atomcat application/atomserv+xml atomsrv application/atomicmail application/batch-SMTP application/beep+xml application/bbolin lin application/cals-1840 application/cap cap pcap application/commonground application/cu-seeme cu application/cybercash application/davmount+xml davmount application/dca-rft application/dec-dx application/docbook+xml application/dsptype tsp application/dvcs application/ecmascript es application/edi-consent application/edi-x12 application/edifact application/eshop application/font-tdpfr application/futuresplash spl application/ghostview application/hta hta application/http application/hyperstudio application/iges application/index application/index.cmd application/index.obj application/index.response application/index.vnd application/iotp application/ipp application/isup application/java-archive jar application/java-serialized-object ser application/java-vm class application/javascript js application/m3g m3g application/mac-binhex40 hqx application/mac-compactpro cpt application/macwriteii application/marc application/mathematica nb nbp application/ms-tnef application/msaccess mdb application/msword doc dot application/news-message-id application/news-transmission application/ocsp-request application/ocsp-response application/octet-stream bin application/oda oda application/ogg ogx application/parityfec application/pdf pdf application/pgp-encrypted application/pgp-keys key application/pgp-signature pgp application/pics-rules prf application/pkcs10 application/pkcs7-mime application/pkcs7-signature application/pkix-cert application/pkix-crl application/pkixcmp application/postscript ps ai eps espi epsf eps2 eps3 application/prs.alvestrand.titrax-sheet application/prs.cww application/prs.nprend application/qsig application/rar rar application/rdf+xml rdf application/remote-printing application/riscos application/rss+xml rss application/rtf rtf application/sdp application/set-payment application/set-payment-initiation application/set-registration application/set-registration-initiation application/sgml application/sgml-open-catalog application/sieve application/slate application/smil smi smil application/timestamp-query application/timestamp-reply application/vemmi application/whoispp-query application/whoispp-response application/wita application/x400-bp application/xhtml+xml xhtml xht application/xml xml xsl xsd application/xml-dtd application/xml-external-parsed-entity application/xspf+xml xspf application/zip zip application/vnd.3M.Post-it-Notes application/vnd.accpac.simply.aso application/vnd.accpac.simply.imp application/vnd.acucobol application/vnd.aether.imp application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation application/vnd.audiograph application/vnd.bmi application/vnd.businessobjects application/vnd.canon-cpdl application/vnd.canon-lips application/vnd.cinderella cdy application/vnd.claymore application/vnd.commerce-battelle application/vnd.commonspace application/vnd.comsocaller application/vnd.contact.cmsg application/vnd.cosmocaller application/vnd.ctc-posml application/vnd.cups-postscript application/vnd.cups-raster application/vnd.cups-raw application/vnd.cybank application/vnd.dna application/vnd.dpgraph application/vnd.dxr application/vnd.ecdis-update application/vnd.ecowin.chart application/vnd.ecowin.filerequest application/vnd.ecowin.fileupdate application/vnd.ecowin.series application/vnd.ecowin.seriesrequest application/vnd.ecowin.seriesupdate application/vnd.enliven application/vnd.epson.esf application/vnd.epson.msf application/vnd.epson.quickanime application/vnd.epson.salt application/vnd.epson.ssf application/vnd.ericsson.quickcall application/vnd.eudora.data application/vnd.fdf application/vnd.ffsns application/vnd.flographit application/vnd.framemaker application/vnd.fsc.weblaunch application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2 application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3 application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs application/vnd.fujixerox.ddd application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder application/vnd.fut-misnet application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml kml application/vnd.google-earth.kmz kmz application/vnd.grafeq application/vnd.groove-account application/vnd.groove-identity-message application/vnd.groove-injector application/vnd.groove-tool-message application/vnd.groove-tool-template application/vnd.groove-vcard application/vnd.hhe.lesson-player application/vnd.hp-HPGL application/vnd.hp-PCL application/vnd.hp-PCLXL application/vnd.hp-hpid application/vnd.hp-hps application/vnd.httphone application/vnd.hzn-3d-crossword application/vnd.ibm.MiniPay application/vnd.ibm.afplinedata application/vnd.ibm.modcap application/vnd.informix-visionary application/vnd.intercon.formnet application/vnd.intertrust.digibox application/vnd.intertrust.nncp application/vnd.intu.qbo application/vnd.intu.qfx application/vnd.irepository.package+xml application/vnd.is-xpr application/vnd.japannet-directory-service application/vnd.japannet-jpnstore-wakeup application/vnd.japannet-payment-wakeup application/vnd.japannet-registration application/vnd.japannet-registration-wakeup application/vnd.japannet-setstore-wakeup application/vnd.japannet-verification application/vnd.japannet-verification-wakeup application/vnd.koan application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3 application/vnd.lotus-approach application/vnd.lotus-freelance application/vnd.lotus-notes application/vnd.lotus-organizer application/vnd.lotus-screencam application/vnd.lotus-wordpro application/vnd.mcd application/vnd.mediastation.cdkey application/vnd.meridian-slingshot application/vnd.mif application/vnd.minisoft-hp3000-save application/vnd.mitsubishi.misty-guard.trustweb application/vnd.mobius.daf application/vnd.mobius.dis application/vnd.mobius.msl application/vnd.mobius.plc application/vnd.mobius.txf application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.adsi application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.fis application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.gotap application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.kmr application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.ttc application/vnd.motorola.flexsuite.wem application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml xul application/vnd.ms-artgalry application/vnd.ms-asf application/vnd.ms-excel xls xlb xlt application/vnd.ms-lrm application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat cat application/vnd.ms-pki.stl stl application/vnd.ms-powerpoint ppt pps application/vnd.ms-project application/vnd.ms-tnef application/vnd.ms-works application/vnd.mseq application/vnd.msign application/vnd.music-niff application/vnd.musician application/vnd.netfpx application/vnd.noblenet-directory application/vnd.noblenet-sealer application/vnd.noblenet-web application/vnd.novadigm.EDM application/vnd.novadigm.EDX application/vnd.novadigm.EXT application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart odc application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database odb application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula odf application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics odg application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template otg application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image odi application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation odp application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template otp application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet ods application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template ots application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text odt application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master odm application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template ott application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web oth application/vnd.osa.netdeploy application/vnd.palm application/vnd.pg.format application/vnd.pg.osasli application/vnd.powerbuilder6 application/vnd.powerbuilder6-s application/vnd.powerbuilder7 application/vnd.powerbuilder7-s application/vnd.powerbuilder75 application/vnd.powerbuilder75-s application/vnd.previewsystems.box application/vnd.publishare-delta-tree application/vnd.pvi.ptid1 application/vnd.pwg-xhtml-print+xml application/vnd.rapid application/vnd.rim.cod cod application/vnd.s3sms application/vnd.seemail application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange application/vnd.shana.informed.package application/vnd.smaf mmf application/vnd.sss-cod application/vnd.sss-dtf application/vnd.sss-ntf application/vnd.stardivision.calc sdc application/vnd.stardivision.chart sds application/vnd.stardivision.draw sda application/vnd.stardivision.impress sdd application/vnd.stardivision.math sdf application/vnd.stardivision.writer sdw application/vnd.stardivision.writer-global sgl application/vnd.street-stream application/vnd.sun.xml.calc sxc application/vnd.sun.xml.calc.template stc application/vnd.sun.xml.draw sxd application/vnd.sun.xml.draw.template std application/vnd.sun.xml.impress sxi application/vnd.sun.xml.impress.template sti application/vnd.sun.xml.math sxm application/vnd.sun.xml.writer sxw application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global sxg application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.template stw application/vnd.svd application/vnd.swiftview-ics application/vnd.symbian.install sis application/vnd.triscape.mxs application/vnd.trueapp application/vnd.truedoc application/vnd.tve-trigger application/vnd.ufdl application/vnd.uplanet.alert application/vnd.uplanet.alert-wbxml application/vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice application/vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice-wbxml application/vnd.uplanet.cacheop application/vnd.uplanet.cacheop-wbxml application/vnd.uplanet.channel application/vnd.uplanet.channel-wbxml application/vnd.uplanet.list application/vnd.uplanet.list-wbxml application/vnd.uplanet.listcmd application/vnd.uplanet.listcmd-wbxml application/vnd.uplanet.signal application/vnd.vcx application/vnd.vectorworks application/vnd.vidsoft.vidconference application/vnd.visio vsd application/vnd.vividence.scriptfile application/vnd.wap.sic application/vnd.wap.slc application/vnd.wap.wbxml wbxml application/vnd.wap.wmlc wmlc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc wmlsc application/vnd.webturbo application/vnd.wordperfect wpd application/vnd.wordperfect5.1 wp5 application/vnd.wrq-hp3000-labelled application/vnd.wt.stf application/vnd.xara application/vnd.xfdl application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu application/x-123 wk application/x-7z-compressed 7z application/x-abiword abw application/x-apple-diskimage dmg application/x-bcpio bcpio application/x-bittorrent torrent application/x-cab cab application/x-cbr cbr application/x-cbz cbz application/x-cdf cdf cda application/x-cdlink vcd application/x-chess-pgn pgn application/x-core application/x-cpio cpio application/x-csh csh application/x-debian-package deb udeb application/x-director dcr dir dxr application/x-dms dms application/x-doom wad application/x-dvi dvi application/x-httpd-eruby rhtml application/x-executable application/x-font pfa pfb gsf pcf pcf.Z application/x-freemind mm application/x-futuresplash spl application/x-gnumeric gnumeric application/x-go-sgf sgf application/x-graphing-calculator gcf application/x-gtar gtar tgz taz application/x-hdf hdf application/x-httpd-php phtml pht php application/x-httpd-php-source phps application/x-httpd-php3 php3 application/x-httpd-php3-preprocessed php3p application/x-httpd-php4 php4 application/x-ica ica application/x-info info application/x-internet-signup ins isp application/x-iphone iii application/x-iso9660-image iso application/x-jam jam application/x-java-applet application/x-java-bean application/x-java-jnlp-file jnlp application/x-jmol jmz application/x-kchart chrt application/x-kdelnk application/x-killustrator kil application/x-koan skp skd skt skm application/x-kpresenter kpr kpt application/x-kspread ksp application/x-kword kwd kwt application/x-latex latex application/x-lha lha application/x-lyx lyx application/x-lzh lzh application/x-lzx lzx application/x-maker frm maker frame fm fb book fbdoc application/x-mif mif application/x-ms-wmd wmd application/x-ms-wmz wmz application/x-msdos-program com exe bat dll application/x-msi msi application/x-netcdf nc application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig pac dat application/x-nwc nwc application/x-object o application/x-oz-application oza application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp p7r application/x-pkcs7-crl crl application/x-python-code pyc pyo application/x-qgis qgs shp shx application/x-quicktimeplayer qtl application/x-redhat-package-manager rpm application/x-ruby rb application/x-rx application/x-sh sh application/x-shar shar application/x-shellscript application/x-shockwave-flash swf swfl application/x-stuffit sit sitx 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message/external-body message/http message/s-http message/news message/partial message/rfc822 eml model/iges igs iges model/mesh msh mesh silo model/vnd.dwf model/vnd.flatland.3dml model/vnd.gdl model/vnd.gs-gdl model/vnd.gtw model/vnd.mts model/vnd.vtu model/vrml wrl vrml multipart/alternative multipart/appledouble multipart/byteranges multipart/digest multipart/encrypted multipart/form-data multipart/header-set multipart/mixed multipart/parallel multipart/related multipart/report multipart/signed multipart/voice-message text/calendar ics icz text/css css text/csv csv text/directory text/english text/enriched text/h323 323 text/html html htm shtml text/iuls uls text/mathml mml text/parityfec text/plain asc txt text pot brf text/prs.lines.tag text/rfc822-headers text/richtext rtx text/rtf text/scriptlet sct wsc text/t140 text/texmacs tm ts text/tab-separated-values tsv text/uri-list text/vnd.abc text/vnd.curl text/vnd.DMClientScript text/vnd.flatland.3dml text/vnd.fly 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Ce chapitre vous aura, je l'espère, aidé à mieux comprendre :